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Um jogo de azar um jogo cujo resultado é fortemente influenciado por algum 🎅 dispositivo de aleatoriedade.

Dispositivos comuns usados incluem dados, piões, cartas de baralho, roletas, bolas numeradas ou, no caso de jogos digitais; 🎅 geradores de números aleatórios.

Um jogo de azar pode ser jogado como um jogo de apostas se os jogadores apostarem dinheiro 🎅 ou qualquer valor monetário.

Os jogos de azar são conhecidos em quase todas as sociedades humanas, embora muitas tenham aprovado leis 🎅 que o restringem.

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Racket sport

Tennis is a racket sport that is played either individually against a single opponent (singles) or between two teams 😆 of two players each (doubles).

Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber 😆 ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent's court.

The object of the game is to 😆 manoeuvre the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return.

The player who 😆 is unable to return the ball validly will not gain a point, while the opposite player will.[1][2]

Tennis is an Olympic 😆 sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages.

The sport can be played by anyone who 😆 can hold a racket, including wheelchair users.

The original forms of tennis developed in France during the late Middle Ages.

[3] The 😆 modern form of tennis originated in Birmingham, England, in the late 19th century as lawn tennis.

[4] It had close connections 😆 both to various field (lawn) games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport today 😆 called real tennis.[5]

The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s.

Two exceptions are that until 1961 the server 😆 had to keep one foot on the ground at all times,[6][7] and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s.

[8] 😆 A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point-challenge system, which 😆 allows a player to contest the line call of a point, a system known as Hawk-Eye.[9][10]

Tennis is played by millions 😆 of recreational players and is a popular worldwide spectator sport.

[11] The four Grand Slam tournaments (also referred to as the 😆 majors) are especially popular: the Australian Open, played on hardcourts; the French Open, played on red clay courts; Wimbledon, played 😆 on grass courts; and the US Open, also played on hardcourts.

[12]HistoryPredecessors

Painting from Cremona; end of the 16th century

Jeu de paume 😆 in the 17th century

Historians believe that the game's ancient origin lay in 12th-century northern France, where a ball was struck 😆 with the palm of the hand.

[13] Louis X of France was a keen player of jeu de paume ("game of 😆 the palm"), which evolved into real tennis, and became notable as the first person to construct indoor tennis courts in 😆 the modern style.

Louis was unhappy with playing tennis outdoors and accordingly had indoor, enclosed courts made in Paris "around the 😆 end of the 13th century".

[14] In due course this design spread across royal palaces all over Europe.

[14] In June 1316 😆 at Vincennes, Val-de-Marne, and following a particularly exhausting game, Louis drank a large quantity of cooled wine and subsequently died 😆 of either pneumonia or pleurisy, although there was also suspicion of poisoning.

[15] Because of the contemporary accounts of his death, 😆 Louis X is history's first tennis player known by name.

[15] Another of the early enthusiasts of the game was King 😆 Charles V of France, who had a court set up at the Louvre Palace.[16]

It was not until the 16th century 😆 that rackets came into use and the game began to be called "tennis", from the French term tenez, which can 😆 be translated as "hold!", "receive!" or "take!", an interjection used as a call from the server to his opponent.

[17] It 😆 was popular in England and France, although the game was only played indoors, where the ball could be hit off 😆 the wall.

Henry VIII of England was a big fan of this game, which is now known as real tennis.[18]

An epitaph 😆 in St Michael's Church, Coventry, written c.

1705, read, in part:[19]

Here lyes an old toss'd Tennis Ball:

Was racketted, from spring to 😆 fall,

With so much heat and so much hast,

Time's arm for shame grew tyred at last.

During the 18th and early 19th 😆 centuries, as real tennis declined, new racket sports emerged in England.[20]

The invention of the first lawn mower in Britain in 😆 1830 is believed to have been a catalyst for the preparation of modern-style grass courts, sporting ovals, playing fields, pitches, 😆 greens, etc.

This in turn led to the codification of modern rules for many sports, including lawn tennis, most football codes, 😆 lawn bowls and others.[21]

Origins of the modern game

Augurio Perera's house in Edgbaston, Birmingham, England, where he and Harry Gem first 😆 played the modern game of lawn tennis

Between 1859 and 1865 Harry Gem, a solicitor, and his friend Augurio Perera developed 😆 a game that combined elements of racquets and the Basque ball game pelota, which they played on Perera's croquet lawn 😆 in Birmingham, England.

[22][23] In 1872, along with two local doctors, they founded the world's first tennis club on Avenue Road, 😆 Leamington Spa.

[24] This is where "lawn tennis" was used as the name of an activity by a club for the 😆 first time.

In Tennis: A Cultural History, Heiner Gillmeister reveals that on 8 December 1874, British army officer Walter Clopton Wingfield 😆 wrote to Harry Gem, commenting that he (Wingfield) had been experimenting with his version of lawn tennis "for a year 😆 and a half".

[25] In December 1873, Wingfield designed and patented a game which he called sphairistikè (Greek: σφαιριστική, meaning "ball-playing"), 😆 and which was soon known simply as "sticky" – for the amusement of guests at a garden party on his 😆 friend's estate of Nantclwyd Hall, in Llanelidan, Wales.

[26] According to R.D.C.

Evans, turfgrass agronomist, "Sports historians all agree that [Wingfield] deserves 😆 much of the credit for the development of modern tennis.

"[20][27] According to Honor Godfrey, museum curator at Wimbledon, Wingfield "popularized 😆 this game enormously.

He produced a boxed set which included a net, poles, rackets, balls for playing the game – and 😆 most importantly you had his rules.

He was absolutely terrific at marketing and he sent his game all over the world.

He 😆 had very good connections with the clergy, the law profession, and the aristocracy and he sent thousands of sets out 😆 in the first year or so, in 1874.

"[28] The world's oldest annual tennis tournament took place at Leamington Lawn Tennis 😆 Club in Birmingham in 1874.

[29] This was three years before the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club would hold 😆 its first championships at Wimbledon, in 1877.

The first Championships culminated in a significant debate on how to standardise the rules.[28]

Lawn 😆 tennis in the US, 1887

In the United States in 1874, Mary Ewing Outerbridge, a young socialite, returned from Bermuda with 😆 a sphairistikè set.

She became fascinated by the game of tennis after watching British army officers play.

[30] She laid out a 😆 tennis court at the Staten Island Cricket Club at Camp Washington, Tompkinsville, Staten Island, New York.

The first American National championship 😆 was played there in September 1880.

An Englishman named O.E.

Woodhouse won the singles title, and a silver cup worth $100, by 😆 defeating Canadian I.F.Hellmuth.

[31] There was also a doubles match which was won by a local pair.

There were different rules at 😆 each club.

The ball in Boston was larger than the one normally used in New York.

On 21 May 1881, the oldest 😆 nationwide tennis organization in the world[32] was formed, the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (now the United States Tennis 😆 Association) in order to standardize the rules and organize competitions.

[33] The US National Men's Singles Championship, now the US Open, 😆 was first held in 1881 at the Newport Casino, Newport, Rhode Island.

[34] The US National Women's Singles Championships were first 😆 held in 1887 in Philadelphia.[35]

Tennis also became popular in France, where the French Championships date to 1891, although until 1925 😆 they were open only to tennis players who were members of French clubs.

[36] Thus, Wimbledon, the US Open, the French 😆 Open and the Australian Open (dating to 1905) became and have remained the most prestigious events in tennis.

[37][38] Together, these 😆 four events are called the Majors or Slams (a term borrowed from bridge rather than baseball).[39]

Lawn tennis in Canada, c.1900

In 😆 1913, the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF), now the International Tennis Federation (ITF), was founded and established three official tournaments 😆 as the major championships of the day.

The World Grass Court Championships were awarded to Great Britain.

The World Hard Court Championships 😆 were awarded to France; the term "hard court" was used for clay courts at the time.

Some tournaments were held in 😆 Belgium instead.

And the World Covered Court Championships for indoor courts were awarded annually; Sweden, France, Great Britain, Denmark, Switzerland and 😆 Spain each hosted the tournament.

[40] At a meeting held on 16 March 1923 in Paris, the title "World Championship" was 😆 dropped and a new category of "Official Championship" was created for events in Great Britain, France, the US and Australia 😆 [41] – today's Grand Slam events.

[40][42] The impact on the four recipient nations to replace the "world championships" with "official 😆 championships" was simple in a general sense: each became a major nation of the federation with enhanced voting power, and 😆 each now operated a major event.[40]

The comprehensive rules promulgated in 1924 by the ILTF have remained largely stable in the 😆 ensuing 80 years, the one major change being the addition of the tiebreak system designed by Jimmy Van Alen.

[43] That 😆 same year, tennis withdrew from the Olympics after the 1924 Games, but returned 60 years later as a 21-and-under demonstration 😆 event in 1984.

This reinstatement was credited by the efforts of then ITF president Philippe Chatrier, ITF general secretary David Gray 😆 and ITF vice president Pablo Llorens, with support from International Olympic Committee president Juan Antonio Samaranch.

The success of the event 😆 was overwhelming, and the IOC decided to reintroduce tennis as a full-medal sport at Seoul in 1988.[44][45]

The Davis Cup, an 😆 annual competition between men's national teams, dates to 1900.

[46] The analogous competition for women's national teams, the Fed Cup, was 😆 founded as the Federation Cup in 1963 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the ITF.[47]

In 1926, promoter 😆 C.C.

Pyle established the first professional tennis tour with a group of American and French tennis players playing exhibition matches to 😆 paying audiences.

[38][48] The most notable of these early professionals were the American Vinnie Richards and the Frenchwoman Suzanne Lenglen.

[38][49] Players 😆 turned pro, would no longer permitted to compete in the major (amateur) tournaments.[38]

In 1968, commercial pressures and rumours of some 😆 amateurs taking money under the table led to the abandonment of this distinction, inaugurating the Open Era, in which all 😆 players could compete in all tournaments, and top players were able to make their living from tennis.

[50] With the beginning 😆 of the Open Era, the establishment of an international professional tennis circuit, and revenues from the sale of television rights, 😆 tennis's popularity has spread worldwide, and the sport has shed its middle-class English-speaking image[51] (although it is acknowledged that this 😆 stereotype still exists).[51][52]

In 1954, Van Alen founded the International Tennis Hall of Fame, a nonprofit museum in Newport, Rhode Island.

[53] 😆 The building contains a large collection of tennis memorabilia as well as a hall of fame honouring prominent members and 😆 tennis players from all over the world.[54]Equipment

Part of the appeal of tennis stems from the simplicity of equipment required for 😆 play.

Beginners need only a racket and balls.[1]

Racket of Franjo Punčec in a wooden frame – late 1930sRacketsWooden racket – c.1920s

The 😆 components of a tennis racket include a handle, known as the grip, connected to a neck which joins a roughly 😆 elliptical frame that holds a matrix of tightly pulled strings.

For the first 100 years of the modern game, rackets were 😆 made of wood and of standard size, and strings were of animal gut.

Laminated wood construction yielded more strength in rackets 😆 used through most of the 20th century until first metal and then composites of carbon graphite, ceramics, and lighter metals 😆 such as titanium were introduced.

These stronger materials enabled the production of oversized rackets that yielded yet more power.

Meanwhile, technology led 😆 to the use of synthetic strings that match the feel of gut yet with added durability.

Under modern rules of tennis, 😆 the rackets must adhere to the following guidelines;[55]

The hitting area, composed of the strings, must be flat and generally uniform.

The 😆 frame of the hitting area may not be more than 29 inches (74 cm) in length and 12.

5 inches (32 😆 cm) in width.

The entire racket must be of a fixed shape, size, weight, and weight distribution.

There may not be any 😆 energy source built into the rackets.

The rackets must not provide any kind of communication, instruction or advice to the player 😆 during the match.

The rules regarding rackets have changed over time, as material and engineering advances have been made.

For example, the 😆 maximum length of the frame had been 32 inches (81 cm) until 1997, when it was shortened to 29 inches 😆 (74 cm).[56]

Many companies manufacture and distribute tennis rackets.

Wilson, Head and Babolat are three of the most commonly used brands; however, 😆 many more companies exist.

[57] The same companies sponsor players to use these rackets in the hopes that the company name 😆 will become better known by the public.

Strings

There are multiple types of tennis strings, including natural gut and synthetic stings made 😆 from materials such as nylon, kevlar, or polyester.[58]

Two different tennis strings of lengths 12m (left), and 200 m (right)Natural gut

The 😆 first type of tennis strings available were natural gut strings, introduced by Babolat.

They were the only type used until synthetic 😆 strings were introduced in the 1950s.

Natural gut strings are still used frequently by players such as Roger Federer.

They are made 😆 from cow intestines, and provide increased power, and are easier on the arm than most strings.[59]Synthetic

Most synthetic strings are made 😆 from monofilament or multifiliament nylon strings.

Monofilament strings are cheap to buy, and are used widely by many recreational level players 😆 for their all round performance, while multifilament strings are created to mimic natural gut more closely by weaving together fibres, 😆 but are generally more expensive than their monofilament counterparts.

[58] Polyester strings allow for more spin on the ball than any 😆 other string, due to their firm strings, while keeping control of the ball, and this is why many players use 😆 them, especially higher player ones.

[60] Kevlar tennis strings are highly durable, and are mostly used by players that frequently break 😆 strings, because they maintain tension well, but these strings can be stiff on the arm.[61]Hybrid strings

Hybrid stringing is when a 😆 tennis racket is strung with two different strings for the mains (the vertical strings) and the crosses (the horizontal strings).

This 😆 is most commonly done with two different strings that are made of different materials, but can also be done with 😆 two different types of the same string.

A notable example of a player using hybrid strings is Roger Federer, using natural 😆 gut strings in his mains and polyester strings in his crosses.[62]Balls

A tennis racket and balls.

Tennis balls were originally made of 😆 cloth strips stitched together with thread and stuffed with feathers.

[63] Modern tennis balls are made of hollow vulcanized rubber with 😆 a felt coating.

Traditionally white, the predominant colour was gradually changed to optic yellow in the latter part of the 20th 😆 century to allow for improved visibility.

Tennis balls must conform to certain criteria for size, weight, deformation, and bounce to be 😆 approved for regulation play.

The International Tennis Federation (ITF) defines the official diameter as 65.41–68.58 mm (2.575–2.700 in).

Balls must weigh between 😆 56.0 and 59.4 g (1.98 and 2.10 oz).

[64] Tennis balls were traditionally manufactured in the United States and Europe.

Although the 😆 process of producing the balls has remained virtually unchanged for the past 100 years, the majority of manufacturing now takes 😆 place in the Far East.

The relocation is due to cheaper labour costs and materials in the region.

[65] Tournaments that are 😆 played under the ITF Rules of Tennis must use balls that are approved by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and 😆 be named on the official ITF list of approved tennis balls.[66]Manner of play

The dimensions of a tennis courtCourt

Tennis is played 😆 on a rectangular, flat surface.

The court is 78 feet (23.

77 m) long, and 27 feet (8.

2 m) wide for singles 😆 matches and 36 ft (11 m) for doubles matches.

[67] Additional clear space around the court is required in order for 😆 players to reach overrun balls.

A net is stretched across the full width of the court, parallel with the baselines, dividing 😆 it into two equal ends.

It is held up by either a cord or metal cable of diameter no greater than 😆 0.8 cm (1⁄3 in).

[66] The net is 3 feet 6 inches (1.

07 m) high at the posts and 3 feet 😆 (0.

91 m) high in the centre.

[67] The net posts are 3 feet (0.

91 m) outside the doubles court on each 😆 side or, for a singles net, 3 feet (0.

91 m) outside the singles court on each side.

The modern tennis court 😆 owes its design to Major Walter Clopton Wingfield.

In 1873, Wingfield patented a court much the same as the current one 😆 for his stické tennis (sphairistike).

This template was modified in 1875 to the court design that exists today, with markings similar 😆 to Wingfield's version, but with the hourglass shape of his court changed to a rectangle.[68]

Tennis is unusual in that it 😆 is played on a variety of surfaces.

[69] Grass, clay, and hard courts of concrete or asphalt topped with acrylic are 😆 the most common.

Occasionally carpet is used for indoor play, with hardwood flooring having been historically used.

Artificial turf courts can also 😆 be found.

Lines

The lines that delineate the width of the court are called the baseline (farthest back) and the service line 😆 (middle of the court).

The short mark in the centre of each baseline is referred to as either the hash mark 😆 or the centre mark.

The outermost lines that make up the length are called the doubles sidelines; they are the boundaries 😆 for doubles matches.

The lines to the inside of the doubles sidelines are the singles sidelines, and are the boundaries in 😆 singles play.

The area between a doubles sideline and the nearest singles sideline is called the doubles alley, playable in doubles 😆 play.

The line that runs across the centre of a player's side of the court is called the service line because 😆 the serve must be delivered into the area between the service line and the net on the receiving side.

Despite its 😆 name, this is not where a player legally stands when making a serve.[70]

The line dividing the service line in two 😆 is called the centre line or centre service line.

The boxes this centre line creates are called the service boxes; depending 😆 on a player's position, they have to hit the ball into one of these when serving.

[71] A ball is out 😆 only if none of it has hit the area inside the lines, or the line, upon its first bounce.

All lines 😆 are required to be between 1 and 2 inches (25 and 51 mm) in width, with the exception of the 😆 baseline which can be up to 4 inches (100 mm) wide, although in practice it is often the same width 😆 as the others.[70]

Play of a single point

Two players before a serve.

The players or teams start on opposite sides of the 😆 net.

One player is designated the server, and the opposing player is the receiver.

The choice to be server or receiver in 😆 the first game and the choice of ends is decided by a coin toss before the warm-up starts.

Service alternates game 😆 by game between the two players or teams.

For each point, the server starts behind the baseline, between the centre mark 😆 and the sideline.

The receiver may start anywhere on their side of the net.

When the receiver is ready, the server will 😆 serve, although the receiver must play to the pace of the server.

For a service to be legal, the ball must 😆 travel over the net without touching it into the diagonally opposite service box.

If the ball hits the net but lands 😆 in the service box, this is a let or net service, which is void, and the server retakes that serve.

The 😆 player can serve any number of let services in a point and they are always treated as voids and not 😆 as faults.

A fault is a serve that falls long or wide of the service box, or does not clear the 😆 net.

There is also a "foot fault" when a player's foot touches the baseline or an extension of the centre mark 😆 before the ball is hit.

If the second service, after a fault, is also a fault, the server double faults, and 😆 the receiver wins the point.

However, if the serve is in, it is considered a legal service.

A legal service starts a 😆 rally, in which the players alternate hitting the ball across the net.

A legal return consists of a player hitting the 😆 ball so that it falls in the server's court, before it has bounced twice or hit any fixtures except the 😆 net.

A player or team cannot hit the ball twice in a row.

The ball must travel over or round the net 😆 into the other players' court.

A ball that hits the net during a rally is considered a legal return as long 😆 as it crosses into the opposite side of the court.

The first player or team to fail to make a legal 😆 return loses the point.

The server then moves to the other side of the service line at the start of a 😆 new point.[72]Scoring

"Break point" redirects here.

For the software term, see BreakpointGame, set, match

The scoreboard of a tennis match.

Game

A game consists of 😆 a sequence of points played with the same player serving.

A game is won by the first player to have won 😆 at least four points in total and at least two points more than the opponent.

The running score of each game 😆 is described in a manner peculiar to tennis: scores from zero to three points are described as "love", "15", "30", 😆 and "40", respectively.

If at least three points have been scored by each player, making the player's scores equal at 40 😆 apiece, the score is not called out as "40–40", but rather as "deuce".

If at least three points have been scored 😆 by each side and a player has one more point than his opponent, the score of the game is "advantage" 😆 for the player in the lead.

During informal games, advantage can also be called "ad in" or "van in" when the 😆 serving player is ahead, and "ad out" or "van out" when the receiving player is ahead; alternatively, either player may 😆 simply call out "my ad" or "your ad".

The score of a tennis game during play is always read with the 😆 serving player's score first.

In tournament play, the chair umpire calls the point count (e.g.

, "15–love") after each point.

At the end 😆 of a game, the chair umpire also announces the winner of the game and the overall score.[73]Set

A set consists of 😆 a sequence of games played with service alternating between games, ending when the count of games won meets certain criteria.

Typically, 😆 a player wins a set by winning at least six games and at least two games more than the opponent.

If 😆 one player has won six games and the opponent five, an additional game is played.

If the leading player wins that 😆 game, the player wins the set 7–5.

If the trailing player wins the game (tying the set 6–6) a tiebreak is 😆 played.

A tiebreak, played under a separate set of rules, allows one player to win one more game and thus the 😆 set, to give a final set score of 7–6.

A tiebreak game can be won by scoring at least seven points 😆 and at least two points more than the opponent.

In a tiebreak, two players serve by 'ABBA' system which has been 😆 proven to be fair.

[74] If a tiebreak is not played, the set is referred to as an advantage set, where 😆 the set continues without limit until one player leads by a two-game margin.

A "love set" means that the loser of 😆 the set won zero games, colloquially termed a "jam donut" in the US.

[75] In tournament play, the chair umpire announces 😆 the winner of the set and the overall score.

The final score in sets is always read with the winning player's 😆 score first, e.g.

"6–2, 4–6, 6–0, 7–5".

Match

A match consists of a sequence of sets.

The outcome is determined through a best of 😆 three or five sets system.

On the professional circuit, men play best-of-five-set matches at all four Grand Slam tournaments, Davis Cup, 😆 and the final of the Olympic Games and best-of-three-set matches at all other tournaments, while women play best-of-three-set matches at 😆 all tournaments.

The first player to win two sets in a best-of-three, or three sets in a best-of-five, wins the match.

[76] 😆 Only in the final sets of matches at the Olympic Games and Fed Cup are tiebreaks not played.

In these cases, 😆 sets are played indefinitely until one player has a two-game lead, occasionally leading to some remarkably long matches.

In tournament play, 😆 the chair umpire announces the end of the match with the well-known phrase "Game, set, match" followed by the winning 😆 person's or team's name.

Special point termsGame point

A game point occurs in tennis whenever the player who is in the lead 😆 in the game needs only one more point to win the game.

The terminology is extended to sets (set point), matches 😆 (match point), and even championships (championship point).

For example, if the player who is serving has a score of 40–love, the 😆 player has a triple game point (triple set point, etc.

) as the player has three consecutive chances to win the 😆 game.

Game points, set points, and match points are not part of official scoring and are not announced by the chair 😆 umpire in tournament play.

Break point

A break point occurs if the receiver, not the server, has a chance to win the 😆 game with the next point.

Break points are of particular importance because serving is generally considered advantageous, with servers being expected 😆 to win games in which they are serving.

A receiver who has one (score of 30–40 or advantage), two (score of 😆 15–40) or three (score of love–40) consecutive chances to win the game has break point, double break point or triple 😆 break point, respectively.

If the receiver does, in fact, win their break point, the game is awarded to the receiver, and 😆 the receiver is said to have converted their break point.

If the receiver fails to win their break point it is 😆 called a failure to convert.

Winning break points, and thus the game, is also referred to as breaking serve, as the 😆 receiver has disrupted, or broken the natural advantage of the server.

If in the following game the previous server also wins 😆 a break point it is referred to as breaking back.

Except where tiebreaks apply, at least one break of serve is 😆 required to win a set (otherwise a two-game lead would never occur).

Rule variationsNo ad

From 'No advantage'.

Scoring method created by Jimmy 😆 Van Alen.

The first player or doubles team to win four points wins the game, regardless of whether the player or 😆 team is ahead by two points.

When the game score reaches three points each, the receiver chooses which side of the 😆 court (advantage court or deuce court) the service is to be delivered on the seventh and game-deciding point.

Utilized by World 😆 Team Tennis professional competition, ATP tours, WTA tours, ITF Pro Doubles and ITF Junior Doubles.[77][78]Pro set

Instead of playing multiple sets, 😆 players may play one pro set.

A pro set is first to 8 (or 10) games by a margin of two 😆 games, instead of first to 6 games.

A 12-point tiebreak is usually played when the score is 8–8 (or 10–10).

These are 😆 often played with no-ad scoring.

Match tiebreak

This is sometimes played instead of a third set.

A match tiebreak (also called super tiebreak) 😆 is played like a regular tiebreak, but the winner must win ten points instead of seven.

Match tiebreaks are used in 😆 the Hopman Cup, Grand Slams (excluding Wimbledon) and the Olympic Games for mixed doubles; on the ATP (since 2006), WTA 😆 (since 2007) and ITF (excluding four Grand Slam tournaments and the Davis Cup) tours for doubles and as a player's 😆 choice in USTA league play.

Fast4

Fast4 is a shortened format that offers a "fast" alternative, with four points, four games and 😆 four rules: there are no advantage scores, lets are played, tiebreakers apply at three games all, with it being first 😆 to five points with a "sudden death" point at four points all, and the first to four games wins the 😆 set.

In the event of a no advantage deuce, the receiver gets to choose the service side.

If a let occurs, the 😆 point continues as normal, and the non-receiver (in a doubles game) is permitted to return the serve.

When players swap sides, 😆 they are not permitted to sit down and must be ready to play within sixty seconds.

Between sets, players are permitted 😆 to sit down, and must be ready to play within ninety seconds.[79][80]

Another, however informal, tennis format is called Canadian doubles.

This 😆 involves three players, with one person playing against a doubles team.

The single player gets to utilize the alleys normally reserved 😆 only for a doubles team.

Conversely, the doubles team does not use the alleys when executing a shot.

The scoring is the 😆 same as for a regular game.

This format is not sanctioned by any official body.

"Australian doubles", another informal and unsanctioned form 😆 of tennis, is played with similar rules to the Canadian doubles style, only in this version, players rotate court position 😆 after each game, each player taking a turn at playing alone against the other two.

As such, each player plays doubles 😆 and singles over the course of a match, with the singles player always serving.

Scoring styles vary, but one popular method 😆 is to assign a value of 2 points to each game, with the server taking both points if he or 😆 she holds serve and the doubles team each taking one if they break serve.

Wheelchair tennis can be played by able-bodied 😆 players as well as people who require a wheelchair for mobility.

An extra bounce is permitted.

This rule makes it possible to 😆 have mixed wheelchair and able-bodied matches.

It is possible for a doubles team to consist of a wheelchair player and an 😆 able-bodied player (referred to as "one-up, one-down"), or for a wheelchair player to play against an able-bodied player.

In such cases, 😆 the extra bounce is permitted for the wheelchair users only.

Match play

Convention dictates that the two players shake hands at the 😆 end of a match.

Continuity

A tennis match is intended to be continuous.

[81] Because stamina is a relevant factor, arbitrary delays are 😆 not permitted.

In most cases, service is required to occur no more than 20 seconds after the end of the previous 😆 point.

[81] This is increased to 90 seconds when the players change ends (after every odd-numbered game), and a 2-minute break 😆 is permitted between sets.

[81] Other than this, breaks are permitted only when forced by events beyond the players' control, such 😆 as rain, damaged footwear, damaged racket, or the need to retrieve an errant ball.

Should a player be deemed to be 😆 stalling repeatedly, the chair umpire may initially give a warning followed by subsequent penalties of "point", "game", and default of 😆 the match for the player who is consistently taking longer than the allowed time limit.[82]

In the event of a rain 😆 delay, darkness or other external conditions halting play, the match is resumed at a later time, with the same score 😆 as at the time of the delay, and each player at the same end of the court as when rain 😆 halted play, or as close to the same relative compass point if play is resumed on a different court.

Ball changes

Balls 😆 wear out quickly in serious play and, therefore, in ATP and WTA tournaments, they are changed after every nine games 😆 with the first change occurring after only seven games, because the first set of balls is also used for the 😆 pre-match warm-up.

[64] In ITF tournaments like Fed Cup, the balls are changed after every eleven games (rather than nine) with 😆 the first change occurring after only nine games (instead of seven).

An exception is that a ball change may not take 😆 place at the beginning of a tiebreaker, in which case the ball change is delayed until the beginning of the 😆 second game of the next set.

[66] As a courtesy to the receiver, the server will often signal to the receiver 😆 before the first serve of the game in which new balls are used as a reminder that they are using 😆 new balls.

Continuity of the balls' condition is considered part of the game, so if a re-warm-up is required after an 😆 extended break in play (usually due to rain), then the re-warm-up is done using a separate set of balls, and 😆 use of the match balls is resumed only when play resumes.

On-court coaching

A recent rule change is to allow coaching on 😆 court on a limited basis during a match.

[83][84][85][86] This has been introduced in women's tennis for WTA Tour events in 😆 2009 and allows the player to request her coach once per set.[87]Stance

Stance refers to the way a player prepares themselves 😆 in order to best be able to return a shot.

Essentially, it enables them to move quickly in order to achieve 😆 a particular stroke.

There are four main stances in modern tennis: open, semi-open, closed, and neutral.

All four stances involve the player 😆 crouching in some manner: as well as being a more efficient striking posture, it allows them to isometrically preload their 😆 muscles in order to play the stroke more dynamically.

What stance is selected is strongly influenced by shot selection.

A player may 😆 quickly alter their stance depending on the circumstances and the type of shot they intend to play.

Any given stance also 😆 alters dramatically based upon the actual playing of the shot with dynamic movements and shifts of body weight occurring.[88][89]Open stance

This 😆 is the most common stance in tennis.

The player's feet are placed parallel to the net.

They may be pointing sideways, directly 😆 at the net or diagonally towards it.

This stance allows for a high degree of torso rotation which can add significant 😆 power to the stroke.

This process is sometimes likened to the coiling and uncoiling of a spring.i.e.

the torso is rotated as 😆 a means of preloading the muscular system in preparation for playing the stroke: this is the coiling phase.

When the stroke 😆 is played the torso rotates to face forwards again, called uncoiling, and adds significant power to the stroke.

A disadvantage of 😆 this stance is that it does not always allow 'for proper weight transfer and maintenance of balance'[88] when making powerful 😆 strokes.

It is commonly used for forehand strokes; double-handed backhands can also be made effectively from it.

Semi-open stance

This stance is somewhere 😆 between open and closed and is a very flexible stance.

The feet are aligned diagonally towards the net.

It allows for a 😆 lot of shoulder rotation and the torso can be coiled, before being uncoiled into the shot in order to increase 😆 the power of the shot.

It is commonly used in modern tennis especially by 'top professional players on the forehand'.

[90] Two-handed 😆 backhands can also be employed from this stance.

Closed stance

The closed stance is the least commonly used of the three main 😆 stances.

One foot is placed further towards the net with the other foot further from it; there is a diagonal alignment 😆 between the feet.

It allows for effective torso rotation in order to increase the power of the shot.

It is usually used 😆 to play backhand shots and it is rare to see forehand shots played from it.

A stroke from this stance may 😆 entail the rear foot coming completely off the floor with bodyweight being transferred entirely to the front foot.

[88] [89]Neutral stance

This 😆 is sometimes also referred to as the square stance.

One foot is positioned closer to the net and ahead of the 😆 other which is behind and in line with it.

Both feet are aligned at a 90 degree angle to the net.

The 😆 neutral stance is often taught early because 'It allows beginners to learn about shifting weight and rotation of the body.

'[89] 😆 Forehands and backhands may be made from it.[91]Shots

A competent tennis player has eight basic shots in his or her repertoire: 😆 the serve, forehand, backhand, volley, half-volley, overhead smash, drop shot, and lob.

Grip

A grip is a way of holding the racket 😆 in order to hit shots during a match.

The grip affects the angle of the racket face when it hits the 😆 ball and influences the pace, spin, and placement of the shot.

Players use various grips during play, including the Continental (The 😆 "Handshake Grip"), Eastern (Can be either semi-eastern or full eastern.

Usually used for backhands.

), and Western (semi-western or full western, usually 😆 for forehand grips) grips.

Most players change grips during a match depending on what shot they are hitting; for example, slice 😆 shots and serves call for a Continental grip.[92]Serve

Roger Federer in a serve motion.

A serve (or, more formally, a "service") in 😆 tennis is a shot to start a point.

The serve is initiated by tossing the ball into the air and hitting 😆 it (usually near the apex of its trajectory) into the diagonally opposite service box without touching the net.

The serve may 😆 be hit under- or overhand although underhand serving remains a rarity.

[93] If the ball hits the net on the first 😆 serve and bounces over into the correct diagonal box then it is called a "let" and the server gets two 😆 more additional serves to get it in.

There can also be a let if the server serves the ball and the 😆 receiver isn't prepared.

[66] If the server misses his or her first serve and gets a let on the second serve, 😆 then they get one more try to get the serve in the box.

Experienced players strive to master the conventional overhand 😆 serve to maximize its power and placement.

The server may employ different types of serve including flat serve, topspin serve, slice 😆 serve, and kick (American twist) serve.

A reverse type of spin serve is hit in a manner that spins the ball 😆 opposite the natural spin of the server, the spin direction depending upon right- or left-handedness.

If the ball is spinning counterclockwise, 😆 it will curve right from the hitter's point of view and curve left if spinning clockwise.[94]

Some servers are content to 😆 use the serve simply to initiate the point; however, advanced players often try to hit a winning shot with their 😆 serve.

A winning serve that is not touched by the opponent is called an "ace".

Forehand

For a right-handed player, the forehand is 😆 a stroke that begins on the right side of the body, continues across the body as contact is made with 😆 the ball, and ends on the left side of the body.

There are various grips for executing the forehand, and their 😆 popularity has fluctuated over the years.

The most important ones are the continental, the eastern, the semi-western, and the western.

For a 😆 number of years, the small, frail 1920s player Bill Johnston was considered by many to have had the best forehand 😆 of all time, a stroke that he hit shoulder-high using a western grip.

Few top players used the western grip after 😆 the 1920s, but in the latter part of the 20th century, as shot-making techniques and equipment changed radically, the western 😆 forehand made a strong comeback and is now used by many modern players.

No matter which grip is used, most forehands 😆 are generally executed with one hand holding the racket, but there have been fine players with two-handed forehands.

In the 1940s 😆 and 50s, the Ecuadorian/American player Pancho Segura used a two-handed forehand to achieve a devastating effect against larger, more powerful 😆 players.

Players such as Monica Seles or France's Fabrice Santoro and Marion Bartoli are also notable players known for their two-handed 😆 forehands.[95]Backhand

Novak Djokovic in a two-handed backhand motion.

For right-handed players, the backhand is a stroke that begins on the left side 😆 of their body, continues across their body as contact is made with the ball, and ends on the right side 😆 of their body.

It can be executed with either one hand or with both and is generally considered more difficult to 😆 master than the forehand.

For most of the 20th century, the backhand was performed with one hand, using either an eastern 😆 or a continental grip.

The first notable players to use two hands were the 1930s Australians Vivian McGrath and John Bromwich, 😆 but they were lone exceptions.

The two-handed grip gained popularity in the 1970s as Björn Borg, Chris Evert, Jimmy Connors, and 😆 later Mats Wilander and Marat Safin used it to great effect, and it is now used by a large number 😆 of the world's best players, including Novak Djokovic, Rafael Nadal and Serena Williams.[96]

Two hands give the player more control, while 😆 one hand can generate a slice shot, applying backspin on the ball to produce a low trajectory bounce.

Reach is also 😆 limited with the two-handed shot.

The player long considered to have had the best backhand of all time, Don Budge, had 😆 a powerful one-handed stroke in the 1930s and 1940s that imparted topspin onto the ball.

Ken Rosewall, another player noted for 😆 his one-handed backhand, used a very accurate slice backhand through the 1950s and 1960s.

A small number of players, notably Monica 😆 Seles, use two hands on both the backhand and forehand sides.

Other shots

A volley is a shot returned to the opponent 😆 in mid-air before the ball bounces, generally performed near the net, and is usually made with a stiff-wristed punching motion 😆 to hit the ball into an open area of the opponent's court.

The half volley is made by hitting the ball 😆 on the rise just after it has bounced, also generally in the vicinity of the net, and played with the 😆 racket close to the ground.

[97] The swinging volley is hit out of the air as the player approaches the net.

It 😆 is an offensive shot used to take preparation time away from the opponent, as it returns the ball into the 😆 opponent's court much faster than a standard volley.

From a poor defensive position on the baseline, the lob can be used 😆 as either an offensive or defensive weapon, hitting the ball high and deep into the opponent's court to either enable 😆 the lobber to get into better defensive position or to win the point outright by hitting it over the opponent's 😆 head.

If the lob is not hit deeply enough into the other court, however, an opponent near the net may then 😆 hit an overhead smash, a hard, serve-like shot, to try to end the point.

A difficult shot in tennis is the 😆 return of an attempted lob over the backhand side of a player.

When the contact point is higher than the reach 😆 of a two-handed backhand, most players will try to execute a high slice (under the ball or sideways).

Fewer players attempt 😆 the backhand sky-hook or smash.

Rarely, a player will go for a high topspin backhand, while themselves in the air.

A successful 😆 execution of any of these alternatives requires balance and timing, with less margin of error than the lower contact point 😆 backhands, since this shot is a break in the regular pattern of play.

If their opponent is deep in their court, 😆 a player may suddenly employ an unexpected drop shot, by softly tapping the ball just over the net so that 😆 the opponent is unable to run in fast enough to retrieve it.

Advanced players will often apply back spin to a 😆 drop shot, causing the ball to "skid" upon landing and bounce sideways, with less forward momentum toward their opponent, or 😆 even backwards towards the net, thus making it even more difficult to return.

Tournaments

Tournaments are often organized by gender and number 😆 of players.

Common tournament configurations include men's singles, women's singles, and doubles, where two players play on each side of the 😆 net.

Tournaments may be organized for specific age groups, with upper age limits for youth and lower age limits for senior 😆 players.

Example of this include the Orange Bowl and Les Petits As junior tournaments.

There are also tournaments for players with disabilities, 😆 such as wheelchair tennis and deaf tennis.

[98] In the four Grand Slam tournaments, the singles draws are limited to 128 😆 players for each gender.

Most large tournaments seed players, but players may also be matched by their skill level.

According to how 😆 well a person does in sanctioned play, a player is given a rating that is adjusted periodically to maintain competitive 😆 matches.

For example, the United States Tennis Association administers the National Tennis Rating Program (NTRP), which rates players between 1.0 and 😆 7.

0 in 1/2 point increments.

Average club players under this system would rate 3.0–4.

5 while world class players would be 7.0 😆 on this scale.

Grand Slam tournaments

A tennis match at Centre Court of Wimbledon in 2007.

The four Grand Slam tournaments are considered 😆 to be the most prestigious tennis events in the world.

They are held annually and comprise, in chronological order, the Australian 😆 Open, the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open.

Apart from the Olympic Games, Davis Cup, Fed Cup, and Hopman Cup, 😆 they are the only tournaments regulated by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).

[99] The ITF's national associations, Tennis Australia (Australian Open), 😆 the Fédération Française de Tennis (French Open), the Lawn Tennis Association (Wimbledon) and the United States Tennis Association (US Open) 😆 are delegated the responsibility to organize these events.[99]

Aside from the historical significance of these events, they also carry larger prize 😆 funds than any other tour event and are worth double the number of ranking points to the champion than in 😆 the next echelon of tournaments, the ATP Masters 1000 (men) and Premier events (women).

[100][101] Another distinguishing feature is the number 😆 of players in the singles draw.

There are 128, more than any other professional tennis tournament.

This draw is composed of 32 😆 seeded players, other players ranked in the world's top 100, qualifiers, and players who receive invitations through wild cards.

Grand Slam 😆 men's tournaments have best-of-five set matches while the women play best-of-three.

Grand Slam tournaments are among the small number of events 😆 that last two weeks, the others being the Indian Wells Masters and the Miami Masters.

Currently, the Grand Slam tournaments are 😆 the only tour events that have mixed doubles contests.

Grand Slam tournaments are held in conjunction with wheelchair tennis tournaments and 😆 junior tennis competitions.

These tournaments also contain their own idiosyncrasies.

For example, players at Wimbledon are required to wear predominantly white.

Andre Agassi 😆 chose to skip Wimbledon from 1988 through 1990 citing the event's traditionalism, particularly its "predominantly white" dress code.

[102] Wimbledon has 😆 its own particular methods for disseminating tickets, often leading tennis fans to follow complex procedures to obtain tickets.[103]

The French became 😆 an international tournament in 1925.

Men's tournament structureMasters Series

The ATP Masters 1000 is a group of nine tournaments that form the 😆 second-highest echelon in men's tennis.

Each event is held annually, and a win at one of these events is worth 1000 😆 ranking points.

When the ATP, led by Hamilton Jordan, began running the men's tour in 1990, the directors designated the top 😆 nine tournaments, outside of the Grand Slam events, as "Super 9" events.

[104] In 2000 this became the Tennis Masters Series 😆 and in 2004 the ATP Masters Series.

In November at the end of the tennis year, the world's top eight players 😆 compete in the ATP Finals, a tournament with a rotating locale.

It is currently held in London.[105]

In August 2007 the ATP 😆 announced major changes to the tour that were introduced in 2009.

The Masters Series was renamed to the "ATP Masters 1000", 😆 the addition of the number 1000 referring to the number of ranking points earned by the winner of each tournament.

Contrary 😆 to earlier plans, the number of tournaments was not reduced from nine to eight and the Monte-Carlo Masters remains part 😆 of the series although, unlike the other events, it does not have a mandatory player commitment.

The Hamburg Masters has been 😆 downgraded to a 500-point event.

The Madrid Masters moved to May and onto clay courts, and a new tournament in Shanghai 😆 took over Madrid's former indoor October slot.

As of 2011 six of the nine "1000" level tournaments are combined ATP and 😆 WTA events.

[106]500 and 250 series

The third and fourth tier of men's tennis tournaments are formed by the ATP 500 series, 😆 consisting of 11 tournaments, and the ATP 250 series with 40 tournaments.

[107] Like the ATP Masters 1000, these events offer 😆 various amounts of prize money and the numbers refer to the number of ranking points earned by the winner of 😆 a tournament.

[100] The Dubai Tennis Championships offer the largest financial incentive to players, with total prize money of US$2,313,975 (2012).

[108] 😆 These series have various draws of 28, 32, 48 and 56 for singles and 16 and 24 for doubles.

It is 😆 mandatory for leading players to enter at least four 500 events, including at least one after the US Open.

Challenger Tour 😆 and Futures tournaments

The Challenger Tour for men is the lowest level of tournament administered by the ATP.

It is composed of 😆 about 150 events and, as a result, features a more diverse range of countries hosting events.

[109] The majority of players 😆 use the Challenger Series at the beginning of their career to work their way up the rankings.

Andre Agassi, between winning 😆 Grand Slam tournaments, plummeted to World No.

141 and used Challenger Series events for match experience and to progress back up 😆 the rankings.

[110] The Challenger Series offers prize funds of between US$25,000 and US$150,000.

Below the Challenger Tour are the Futures tournaments, 😆 events on the ITF Men's Circuit.

These tournaments also contribute towards a player's ATP rankings points.

Futures Tournaments offer prize funds of 😆 between US$10,000 and US$15,000.

[111] Approximately 530 Futures Tournaments are played each year.

Women's tournament structure

In 2021, the WTA rebranded, resembling the 😆 men's tournament series, and also providing extra simplicity for fans and consumers.

The numbers do not indicate ranking points, or prize 😆 money, but is a system to help define different levels of women's tennis.

WTA 1000

The WTA 1000 Tournaments (formerly the Premier 😆 Mandatory and Premier 5 Tournaments), are a series of seven tournaments that are part of the second-highest tier in women's 😆 tennis.

[112][113]500 and 250 Series

The third and fourth tier of women's tennis tournaments are formed from the WTA 500 Series (formerly 😆 Premier 700), with fifteen tournaments, and the WTA 250 Series (formerly International), consisting of thirty tournaments.[112][114]WTA 125

The WTA 125 Series 😆 (formerly 125K Series), is the lowest tier of women's tennis, with fourteen tournaments.[114]Players

Professional players

Professional tennis players enjoy the same relative 😆 perks as most top sports personalities: clothing, equipment and endorsements.

Like players of other individual sports such as golf, they are 😆 not salaried, but must play and finish highly in tournaments to obtain prize money.

In recent years, professional tennis players have 😆 been mocked by tabloids and fans for the involuntary or deliberate noise caused by players' grunting.

This controversy has spurred the 😆 Grand Slam Committee, the International Tennis Association, and the Women's Tennis Association to teach players techniques to avoid grunting.[115]

Singles and 😆 doubles professional careers

McEnroe with Fleming playing as a doubles team at Wimbledon in the 1980s.

While players are gradually less competitive 😆 in singles by their late 20s and early 30s, they can still continue competitively in doubles (as instanced by Martina 😆 Navratilova and John McEnroe, who won doubles titles in their 40s).

In the Open Era, several female players such as Martina 😆 Navratilova, Margaret Court, Martina Hingis, Serena Williams, and Venus Williams (the latter two sisters playing together) have been prolific at 😆 both singles and doubles events throughout their careers.

John McEnroe is one of the very few professional male players to be 😆 top ranked in both singles and doubles at the same time,[116][117][118] and Yevgeny Kafelnikov is the most recent male player 😆 to win multiple Grand Slams in both singles and doubles during the same period of his career.

In terms of public 😆 attention and earnings (see below), singles champions have far surpassed their doubles counterparts.

The Open Era, particularly the men's side, has 😆 seen many top-ranked singles players that only sparingly compete in doubles, while having "doubles specialists" who are typically being eliminated 😆 early in the singles draw but do well in the doubles portion of a tournament.

Notable doubles pairings include The Woodies 😆 (Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde) and the Bryan brothers (identical twin brothers Robert Charles "Bob" Bryan and Michael Carl "Mike" 😆 Bryan).

Woodbridge has disliked the term "doubles 'specialists'", saying that he and Woodforde "set a singles schedule and doubles fitted in 😆 around that", although later in Woodbridge's career he focused exclusively on doubles as his singles ranking fell too low that 😆 it was no longer financially viable to recover at that age.

Woodbridge noted that while top singles players earn enough that 😆 they do not need to nor want to play doubles, he suggested that lower-ranked singles players outside the Top Ten 😆 should play doubles to earn more playing time and money.[119][120]Olympics

The Olympics doubles tennis tournament necessitates that both members of a 😆 doubles pairing be from the same country, hence several top professional pairs such as Jamie Murray and Bruno Soares cannot 😆 compete in the Olympics.

Top-ranked singles players that are usually rivals on the professional circuit, such as Boris Becker and Michael 😆 Stich, and Roger Federer and Stan Wawrinka have formed a rare doubles partnership for the Olympics.

Unlike professional tennis tournaments (see 😆 below) where singles players receive much more prize money than doubles players, an Olympic medal for both singles and doubles 😆 has similar prestige.

The Olympics is more of a priority for doubles champions while singles champions often skip the tournament.

[119][120] While 😆 the ATP has voted for Olympic results to count towards player ranking points, WTA players voted against it.[121]

For the 2000 😆 Olympics, Lisa Raymond was passed over for Team USA in favour of Serena Williams by captain Billie Jean King, even 😆 though Raymond was the top-ranked doubles player in the world at the time, and Raymond unsuccessfully challenged the selection.[121]Prize money

In 😆 professional tennis tournaments such as Wimbledon, the singles competition receives the most prize money and coverage, followed by doubles, and 😆 then mixed doubles usually receive the lowest monetary awards.

[122] For instance in the US Open as of 2018, the men's 😆 and women's singles prize money (US$40,912,000) accounts for 80.

9 percent of total player base compensation, while men's and women's doubles 😆 (US$6,140,840), men's and women's singles qualifying (US$3,008,000), and mixed doubles (US$505,000) account for 12.1 percent, 5.9 percent, and 1.

0 percent, 😆 respectively.

The singles winner receives US$3,800,000, while the doubles winning pair receives $700,000 and the mixed doubles winning pair receives US$155,000.[123]

Grand 😆 Slam tournament winners

The following players have won at least five singles titles at Grand Slam tournaments (active players in bold):

Greatest 😆 male players

A frequent topic of discussion among tennis fans and commentators is who was the greatest male singles player of 😆 all time.

By a large margin, an Associated Press poll in 1950 named Bill Tilden as the greatest player of the 😆 first half of the 20th century.

[124] From 1920 to 1930, Tilden won singles titles at Wimbledon three times and the 😆 US Championships seven times.

In 1938, however, Donald Budge became the first person to win all four major singles titles during 😆 the same calendar year, the Grand Slam, and won six consecutive major titles in 1937 and 1938.

Tilden called Budge "the 😆 finest player 365 days a year that ever lived.

"[125] In his 1979 autobiography, Jack Kramer said that, based on consistent 😆 play, Budge was the greatest player ever.

[126] Some observers, however, also felt that Kramer deserved consideration for the title.

Kramer was 😆 among the few who dominated amateur and professional tennis during the late 1940s and early 1950s.

Tony Trabert has said that 😆 of the players he saw before the start of the Open Era, Kramer was the best male champion.[127]

By the 1960s, 😆 Budge and others had added Pancho Gonzales and Lew Hoad to the list of contenders.

Budge reportedly believed that Gonzales was 😆 the greatest player ever.

[128] Gonzales said about Hoad, "When Lew's game was at its peak nobody could touch him....

I think 😆 his game was the best game ever.Better than mine.

He was capable of making more shots than anybody.

His two volleys were 😆 great.

His overhead was enormous.

He had the most natural tennis mind with the most natural tennis physique."[129]

Before and during the Open 😆 Era, Rod Laver remains the only male player in history to have won the calendar year Grand Slam twice in 😆 1962 and 1969 [130] and also the calendar year Professional Grand Slam in 1967.[131]

Jimmy Connors, Björn Borg, and John McEnroe 😆 had a fierce rivalry in the late 1970s and early 1980s that propelled "the men's game to new heights of 😆 popularity".

[132] Connors had a long and prolific career and holds the Open Era men's singles records of 109 titles including 😆 eight Grand Slams, 1,557 matches played, and 1,274 match wins.

Borg was regarded by his contemporaries as among the greatest ever, 😆 having a calm court demeanor and unrivalled physical conditioning, winning six French Opens and five straight Wimbledon titles, retiring at 😆 age 26 when he was still in his prime.

McEnroe attained the No.

1 ranking in both singles and doubles, finishing his 😆 career with 77 singles and 78 doubles titles; this remains the highest men's combined total of the Open Era.[133]

The Agassi–Sampras 😆 rivalry showcased the two best players in the 1990s.

[134] Sampras had a precise and powerful serve while Agassi was considered 😆 to be one of the best service returners in the history of the game.

[135][136][137] By the early 2000s, Pete Sampras 😆 had won a then-record of 14 Grand Slam titles which was by far the most among his contemporaries, as the 😆 second-most major titles won at the time by another player was Agassi with eight.

Sampras also held the record for most 😆 weeks at No.

1 with 286 until it was broken a decade later by Federer and Djokovic after that.

Andre Agassi, was 😆 the first player to complete the Career Grand Slam on all modern three surfaces (hard, grass, and clay courts) as 😆 previous winners of Grand Slam tournaments played in an era of grass and clay only (Rod Laver and Ken Rosewall 😆 also won major Pro tournaments on the three surfaces).

Agassi also is the only player to win all four Grand Slam 😆 titles along with the year-end championships and the olympics.

Both Sampras and Agassi are regarded to be among the greatest players 😆 of all time.[135][138][139]

By the early twenty-first century, the 'Big Three' of Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic have dominated 😆 men's singles tennis for nearly two decades,[140][141] collectively winning 65 major singles tournaments; Djokovic with an all-time record 23 titles, 😆 Nadal with 22 and Federer with 20.

They have been ranked as world No.

1s in singles for a total 908 weeks 😆 (equivalent to 17 years); Djokovic for a record 389 weeks, Federer for 310, and Nadal for 209.

Greatest female players

As with 😆 the men there are frequent discussions about who is the greatest female singles player of all time with Steffi Graf, 😆 Martina Navratilova and Serena Williams being the three players most often nominated.

In March 2012 the Tennis Channel published a combined 😆 list of the 100 greatest men and women tennis players of all time.

[142] It ranked Steffi Graf as the greatest 😆 female player (in 3rd place overall), followed by Martina Navratilova (4th place) and Margaret Court (8th place).

The rankings were determined 😆 by an international panel.

Sportswriter John Wertheim of Sports Illustrated stated in an article in July 2010 that Serena Williams is 😆 the greatest female tennis player ever with the argument that "Head-to-head, on a neutral surface (i.e.

hard courts), everyone at their 😆 best, I can't help feeling that she crushes the other legends.".

[143] In a reaction to this article Yahoo sports blog 😆 Busted Racket published a list of the top-10 women's tennis players of all time placing Martina Navratilova in first spot.

[144] 😆 This top-10 list was similar to the one published in June 2008 by the Bleacher Report who also ranked Martina 😆 Navratilova as the top female player of all time.[145]

Steffi Graf is considered by some to be the greatest female player.

Billie 😆 Jean King said in 1999, "Steffi is definitely the greatest women's tennis player of all time.

"[146] Martina Navratilova has included 😆 Graf on her list of great players.

[146] In December 1999, Graf was named the greatest female tennis player of the 😆 20th century by a panel of experts assembled by the Associated Press.

[147] Tennis writer Steve Flink, in his book The 😆 Greatest Tennis Matches of the Twentieth Century, named her as the best female player of the 20th century, directly followed 😆 by Martina Navratilova.[148]

Tennis magazine selected Martina Navratilova as the greatest female tennis player for the years 1965 through 2005.

[149][150] Tennis 😆 historian and journalist Bud Collins has called Navratilova "arguably, the greatest player of all time.

"[151] Billie Jean King said about 😆 Navratilova in 2006, "She's the greatest singles, doubles and mixed doubles player who's ever lived."[152]In 2018, a Tennis.

com panel selected 😆 Serena Williams as the greatest female tennis player in the Open Era.

[153] In May 2020, the Tennis Channel ranked Williams 😆 as the greatest female tennis player of all time.[154]

In November 2018, Tennis.

com polled its readers to choose the greatest women's 😆 tennis player of all time and Graf came in first.

[155] In July 2020, The Guardian polled its readers to determine 😆 the greatest female tennis player of the past 50 years, and Graf was the clear favorite, picking up nearly twice 😆 as many votes as any other player.[156]Officials

An umpire informing two players of the rules.

In most professional play and some amateur 😆 competition, there is an officiating head judge or chair umpire (usually referred to simply as the umpire), who sits in 😆 a raised chair to one side of the court.

The umpire has absolute authority to make factual determinations.

The umpire may be 😆 assisted by line judges, who determine whether the ball has landed within the required part of the court and who 😆 also call foot faults.

There also may be a net judge who determines whether the ball has touched the net during 😆 service.

The umpire has the right to overrule a line judge or a net judge if the umpire is sure that 😆 a clear mistake has been made.[157]

In past tournaments, line judges tasked with calling the serve were sometimes assisted by electronic 😆 sensors that beeped to indicate an out-of-bounds serve; one such system was called "Cyclops".

[158] Cyclops has since largely been replaced 😆 by the Hawk-Eye system.

[159][160] In professional tournaments using this system, players are allowed three unsuccessful appeals per set, plus one 😆 additional appeal in the tiebreak to challenge close line calls by means of an electronic review.

The US Open, Miami Masters, 😆 US Open Series, and World Team Tennis started using this challenge system in 2006 and the Australian Open and Wimbledon 😆 introduced the system in 2007.

[161] In clay-court matches, such as at the French Open, a call may be questioned by 😆 reference to the mark left by the ball's impact on the court surface.

The referee, who is usually located off the 😆 court, is the final authority about tennis rules.

When called to the court by a player or team captain, the referee 😆 may overrule the umpire's decision if the tennis rules were violated (question of law) but may not change the umpire's 😆 decision on a question of fact.

If, however, the referee is on the court during play, the referee may overrule the 😆 umpire's decision.

(This would only happen in Davis Cup or Fed Cup matches, not at the World Group level, when a 😆 chair umpire from a non-neutral country is in the chair.)[157]Junior tennis

In tennis, a junior is a player under 18 who 😆 is still legally protected by a parent or guardian.

Players on the main adult tour who are under 18 must have 😆 documents signed by a parent or guardian.

These players, however, are still eligible to play in junior tournaments.

The International Tennis Federation 😆 (ITF) conducts a junior tour that allows juniors to establish a world ranking and an Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) 😆 or Women's Tennis Association (WTA) ranking.

Most juniors who enter the international circuit do so by progressing through ITF, Satellite, Future, 😆 and Challenger tournaments before entering the main circuit.

The latter three circuits also have adults competing in them.

Some juniors, however, such 😆 as Australian Lleyton Hewitt and Frenchman Gaël Monfils, have catapulted directly from the junior tour to the ATP tour by 😆 dominating the junior scene or by taking advantage of opportunities given to them to participate in professional tournaments.

In 2004, the 😆 ITF implemented a new rankings scheme to encourage greater participation in doubles, by combining two rankings (singles and doubles) into 😆 one combined tally.

[162] Junior tournaments do not offer prize money except for the Grand Slam tournaments, which are the most 😆 prestigious junior events.

Juniors may earn income from tennis by participating in the Future, Satellite, or Challenger tours.

Tournaments are broken up 😆 into different tiers offering different amounts of ranking points, culminating with Grade A.

Leading juniors are allowed to participate for their 😆 nation in the Junior Fed Cup and Davis Cup competitions.

To succeed in tennis often means having to begin playing at 😆 a young age.

To facilitate and nurture a junior's growth in tennis, almost all tennis playing nations have developed a junior 😆 development system.

Juniors develop their play through a range of tournaments on all surfaces, accommodating all different standards of play.

Talented juniors 😆 may also receive sponsorships from governing bodies or private institutions.

Injuries

Muscle strain is one of the most common injuries in tennis.

[163] 😆 When an isolated large-energy appears during the muscle contraction and at the same time body weight apply huge amount of 😆 pressure to the lengthened muscle, muscle strain can occur.

[164] Inflammation and bleeding are triggered when muscle strain occurs, which can 😆 result in redness, pain and swelling.

[164] Overuse is also common in tennis players of all levels.

Muscle, cartilage, nerves, bursae, ligaments 😆 and tendons may be damaged from overuse.

The repetitive use of a particular muscle without time for repair and recovery is 😆 the most common cause of injury.

[164]In popular cultureSee alsoReferencesFurther readingBarrett, John.

Wimbledon: The Official History of the Championships (HarperCollins, 2001) ISBN 😆 978-0-00-711707-9

(HarperCollins, 2001) ISBN 978-0-00-711707-9 Collins, Bud.

History of Tennis – An Authoritative Encyclopedia and Record Book (New Chapter Press, 2010) ISBN 😆 978-0-942257-70-0

(New Chapter Press, 2010) ISBN 978-0-942257-70-0 Danzig, Allison and Peter Schwed (ed.).

The Fireside Book of Tennis (Simon & Schuster, 1972) 😆 ISBN 978-0-671-21128-8

(Simon & Schuster, 1972) ISBN 978-0-671-21128-8 Doherty, Reginald Frank.R.F.and H.L.

Doherty – On Lawn Tennis (Kessinger Publishing, 2010) ISBN 978-1-167-08589-5

(Kessinger 😆 Publishing, 2010) ISBN 978-1-167-08589-5 Dwight, Eleanor.

Tie Breaker – Jimmy Van Alen and Tennis in the 20th century (Scala Books, 2010) 😆 ISBN 978-1-905377-40-4

(Scala Books, 2010) ISBN 978-1-905377-40-4 Gillmeister, Heiner.

Tennis: A Cultural History (Continuum, 1998) ISBN 978-0-7185-0195-2

(Continuum, 1998) ISBN 978-0-7185-0195-2 Grimsley, Will.

Tennis 😆 – Its History, People and Events (Prentice-Hall, 1971) ISBN 0-13-903377-7

(Prentice-Hall, 1971) ISBN 0-13-903377-7 King, Billie Jean and Starr, Cynthia.

We Have 😆 Come a Long Way (McGraw-Hill, 1998) ISBN 0-07-034625-9

(McGraw-Hill, 1998) ISBN 0-07-034625-9 Whitman, Malcolm D.

Tennis – Origins and Mysteries (Dover Publications, 😆 2004) ISBN 0-486-43357-9

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